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Author Topic: Music and the Cold War  (Read 876 times)
time_is_now
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« Reply #15 on: 13:18:55, 28-09-2007 »

(you're forgetting Boulez maybe)

Maybe - although many more people have heard Stockhausen, Xenakis and Ligeti than have heard any Boulez, for all his bogeyman reputation.
I'm not so sure about that. I think Boulez is much better-known and more often heard than Stockhausen, except perhaps in Wire-ish/electronica circles.

Please do start a Kurtág thread when you have time, Tim. My feelings are more or less akin to Richard's (can rarely get into the mental space that makes me want to listen to him), although I'm less convinced than Richard that it's the lower quality of Ligeti's late works that has allowed Kurtág to challenge him in popularity; indeed, it seems to be mainly the late works (mid-80s onwards) of Ligeti that are now widely acknowledged, alongside the early/mid-60s ones, with pieces like Lontano, Melodien, San Francisco Polyphony (which to me are the masterpieces) almost ignored by comparison.
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The city is a process which always veers away from the form envisaged and desired, ... whose revenge upon its architects and planners undoes every dream of mastery. It is [also] one of the sites where Dasein is assigned the impossible task of putting right what can never be put right. - Rob Lapsley
George Garnett
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« Reply #16 on: 13:20:33, 28-09-2007 »

Just dropping in quickly on this thread to mention that Rachel Beckles Willson's book is, indeed, an excellent read. I shan't say too much as I'm currently reviewing it (alongside the Fosler-Lussier already mentioned).

Would you care to reveal where and when, Tim?
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TimR-J
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« Reply #17 on: 13:28:49, 28-09-2007 »

Quote
except perhaps in Wire-ish/electronica circles.

It's really these I'm thinking of, but it's still a substantial number of people who have little other contact with contemporary concert music. A concert of Stockhausen or Xenakis is a guaranteed sell-out (and Stockhausen gigs are priced like U2 concerts) - I don't think an all-Boulez concert would be the same (although maybe Cage).

George - it's scheduled for the January issue of Tempo.
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George Garnett
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« Reply #18 on: 13:34:10, 28-09-2007 »

George - it's scheduled for the January issue of Tempo.

Gosh. What with tinners in October, it's obviously time (is now) to take out a subscription to the R3OK House Mag. Smiley 
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richard barrett
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« Reply #19 on: 13:40:40, 28-09-2007 »

public recognition of European postwar modernists

That doesn't really include Cage, does it? Regarding Boulez on the one hand and Stockhausen/Xenakis on the other, it's interesting how nowadays their reputation is situated in completely different audiences, isn't it? (as opposed to a time when they would all be mentioned in the same breath) Boulez tried so hard and so expensively to "master" the application of electronic/digital technology to music, but as far as most of today's practitioners of electronic music are concerned it's clear that it was the imaginations of Stockhausen and Xenakis and a few others which really laid the foundations. Good thing Boulez has the day job.
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Ian Pace
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« Reply #20 on: 18:07:38, 28-09-2007 »

Quote
except perhaps in Wire-ish/electronica circles.

It's really these I'm thinking of, but it's still a substantial number of people who have little other contact with contemporary concert music. A concert of Stockhausen or Xenakis is a guaranteed sell-out (and Stockhausen gigs are priced like U2 concerts) - I don't think an all-Boulez concert would be the same (although maybe Cage).
But might that simply be because Boulez performances are a little more common?

Quote
Regarding Boulez on the one hand and Stockhausen/Xenakis on the other, it's interesting how nowadays their reputation is situated in completely different audiences, isn't it? (as opposed to a time when they would all be mentioned in the same breath) Boulez tried so hard and so expensively to "master" the application of electronic/digital technology to music, but as far as most of today's practitioners of electronic music are concerned it's clear that it was the imaginations of Stockhausen and Xenakis and a few others which really laid the foundations. Good thing Boulez has the day job.
Well, it might also be worth bearing in mind which works of either Boulez or Stockhausen? It seems to me that for the most part, Stockhausen's reputation, and concerts featuring his work, are organised around his pre-LICHT period, which is now well over 30 years ago, whereas works from Boulez right up until the present day continue to be played in major venues with a certain degree of frequency. I would have thought in that respect that Boulez is perceived less as 'yesterday's man' than Stockhausen?

George - it's scheduled for the January issue of Tempo.

Gosh. What with tinners in October, it's obviously time (is now) to take out a subscription to the R3OK House Mag. Smiley 
You could always read a certain Pace article in the January issue as well, also relating in part to music and the cold war (and an Adorno piece in the next one, which will be out in a few weeks)....

(just trying to help their sales! Mind you, as you have access to an academic server..... Smiley)
« Last Edit: 18:28:45, 28-09-2007 by Ian Pace » Logged

'These acts of keeping politics out of music, however, do not prevent musicology from being a political act . . .they assure that every apolitical act assumes a greater political immediacy' - Philip Bohlman, 'Musicology as a Political Act'
Ian Pace
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« Reply #21 on: 18:22:35, 28-09-2007 »

(And in ten years' time it [Taruskin] will be as much a historical document as the music he writes about.)
Yes, though it does have the prestige associated with being called The Oxford History of Western Music; it's also extraordinarily well-written and accessible, so I think it will last for some time. Major histories of long periods in 20th century music don't seem to occur that often - in English I think Taruskin's is the first comprehensive study since Morgan, Griffiths and Whittall in the 1990s (the latter two of which were essentially updatings of earlier books).

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The innocence is probably lost, in that it will become increasingly difficult to talk about this as music in any pure sense (if we'd want to), but it is such an interesting period historically - for 101 reasons - that that would have happened in some direction anyway, I think. Studying Darmstadt as a Cold War phenomenon is no different from studying it as a sociological phenomenon (say), as has been done several times already.
Do you think there really has been particularly significant study of Darmstadt as a sociological phenomenon, though? The stuff I know (Borio/Danuser, the Von Kranichstein zur Gegenwart volume and the Musik-Konzepte volume Darmstadt-Dokumente 1) doesn't really seem to engage with this in great detail; earlier work of Metzger and in particular Helms (who wrote a very interesting article on New Music Festivals back in the 1970s) makes a start, but this hasn't seemed to be developed all that much to date? There's stuff in English attacking Darmstadt and all its represents, as part of post-modern critiques, but very little of that demonstrates much knowledge of the area other than as a stereotype. But there's bound to be stuff I don't know - have you come across any Eastern European studies of Darmstadt in your research?

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What I do prefer to see, though, are attempts to interlink the kind of historical work that Taruskin does with the actual notes themselves. Not an easy thing to do, less so to summarise, but I mean a historical approach that can consider the musical work aesthetically as well as an inanimate lump of the past. (I use Jauss's reception theory as one route out of this, but there are other ways.)
That's the real challenge, and very difficult to do. Actually, I feel Taruskin probably does so as successfully as most (relating the notes to the wider concerns). I'm very interested to know more about the particular ways in which you use Jauss and more general thoughts about the recent increase in reception studies of new music (seemed really to be the flavour of the month at York, didn't you think?). The one problem I have is that many such studies tend to focus (by necessity) on reviews, internal correspondence between the co-ordinators of new music, essays from the time, and so on - but these are generally written by highly specialised people, often quite deeply embroiled in that very music world, and are really not representative of the wider public by any means. There's some study of public responses (I think in particular those of young people) to new music on West German radio in the early 1950s, which showed them to be highly negative, if I recall (don't have the source to hand at the moment). But what I'm totally in two minds about is whether one can say something about a work, that is meaningful, if it is at cross-purposes with how it was/is/might be received? Does a work have some degree of autonomous existence in this sense (I know various composers would think so, but that of course doesn't necessarily make it true)?
« Last Edit: 18:29:57, 28-09-2007 by Ian Pace » Logged

'These acts of keeping politics out of music, however, do not prevent musicology from being a political act . . .they assure that every apolitical act assumes a greater political immediacy' - Philip Bohlman, 'Musicology as a Political Act'
ahinton
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« Reply #22 on: 23:06:49, 28-09-2007 »

Anyhow, to summarise the Taruskin et al argument: abstraction and serialism had meaning during the Cold War for purely propagandistic reasons, and was artificially supported and sustained in such a manner. Today, with the Cold War over, this music has no relevance.
For the sake of space-saving (and for no other reason!) I've not quoted the rest of what you wrote here, all of which is certainly interesting. All I want to ask at this point is this; if the above statement is correct (and I'm not suggesting that you are saying that it is, since you are summarising Taruskin and others here), what do you suppose might have been the purpose and reasoning behind the provision of such support and sustenance? It might be rather easier to speculate upon the motives, however distasteful, of certain of the Soviet authorities to support what they thought suited them and condemn what they believed did not, but the thrust behind this one seems rather less obviously transparent.

Just curious; I certainly do not pretend to know the answer myself...

Best,

Alitair
« Last Edit: 23:12:55, 28-09-2007 by ahinton » Logged
richard barrett
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« Reply #23 on: 23:14:33, 28-09-2007 »

Alistair, I think it has something to do with demonstrating the freedom of speech and creativity in the West as opposed to (and as superior to) the strict state control of art in the East. The idea that abstract impressionism and serial music were only of significance as propaganda strikes me as dangerously close to subscribing to a "conspiracy theory of modernism".
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Chafing Dish
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« Reply #24 on: 23:27:11, 28-09-2007 »

Alistair, I think it has something to do with demonstrating the freedom of speech and creativity in the West as opposed to (and as superior to) the strict state control of art in the East. The idea that abstract impressionism and serial music were only of significance as propaganda strikes me as dangerously close to subscribing to a "conspiracy theory of modernism".
Ah, but I'm afraid it's extremely widespread. This is especially true in America, although the level of discourse is shockingly low.
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richard barrett
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« Reply #25 on: 23:36:25, 28-09-2007 »

I'm afraid it's extremely widespread.
I'm aware of that! but it's a pretty ridiculous way to look at things. Enormous amounts of music from the Western classical tradition were used as window-dressing in an analogous way by the aristocracy but I don't hear anyone claiming it has lost its relevance because we no longer live under feudalism.
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ahinton
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« Reply #26 on: 00:01:46, 29-09-2007 »

Alistair, I think it has something to do with demonstrating the freedom of speech and creativity in the West as opposed to (and as superior to) the strict state control of art in the East.
That seems the nearest to plausibility that might be possible here, although it still seems to me to have been a odd way to do it, even if for no better reason than the difficulty that I'd have in figuring out how a bunch of CIA officials could even conceive of the Darmstadt kind of thing at all (never mind to represent anything that they might recognise and understand).

The idea that abstract impressionism and serial music were only of significance as propaganda strikes me as dangerously close to subscribing to a "conspiracy theory of modernism".
Indeed so, but then I don't think that Ian was even quoting such a notion, let alone expressing a personal belief in it. That said, by dint of such logical positing, could one equally conceive an unconspiratorial theory of post-modernism?

Best,

Alistair
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Ian Pace
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« Reply #27 on: 00:32:43, 29-09-2007 »

I'm afraid it's extremely widespread.
I'm aware of that! but it's a pretty ridiculous way to look at things. Enormous amounts of music from the Western classical tradition were used as window-dressing in an analogous way by the aristocracy but I don't hear anyone claiming it has lost its relevance because we no longer live under feudalism.
Well, Taruskin, alas, uses that sort of argument most of the way through his Oxford History, as far back to the troubadours. The odd thing is that he doesn't do it from what seems to be a leftist position (which I could sort of respect even if not agreeing with it), more an angle akin to Murdoch-style populism.
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'These acts of keeping politics out of music, however, do not prevent musicology from being a political act . . .they assure that every apolitical act assumes a greater political immediacy' - Philip Bohlman, 'Musicology as a Political Act'
Ian Pace
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« Reply #28 on: 00:39:36, 29-09-2007 »

Anyhow, to summarise the Taruskin et al argument: abstraction and serialism had meaning during the Cold War for purely propagandistic reasons, and was artificially supported and sustained in such a manner. Today, with the Cold War over, this music has no relevance.
For the sake of space-saving (and for no other reason!) I've not quoted the rest of what you wrote here, all of which is certainly interesting. All I want to ask at this point is this; if the above statement is correct (and I'm not suggesting that you are saying that it is, since you are summarising Taruskin and others here), what do you suppose might have been the purpose and reasoning behind the provision of such support and sustenance? It might be rather easier to speculate upon the motives, however distasteful, of certain of the Soviet authorities to support what they thought suited them and condemn what they believed did not, but the thrust behind this one seems rather less obviously transparent.
Well, the 'battle for hearts and minds' was very acute during the Cold War, especially in the earlier years - many Western European countries and people, not least the West Germans, could have become more drawn to communism. So demonstrating the supposed greater freedom available, including to artists, in the capitalist West, was an important part of the propaganda war. As far as the visual arts were concerned, there is full documentation that the CIA were directly behind funding certain artists (often unbeknown to them) who they thought could be useful in this respect. Ironically, at the same time as the CIA officials saw (quite farsightedly, actually) that Abstract Expressionism was the movement most likely to make a big impact, many in the National Endowment for the Arts were condemning such work as being of little worth at all. The CIA people were simply working for the wrong organisation! I'm not remotely saying I agree with the strategy, nor that I think it renders the work irrelevant, just outlining how it was conceived. The question that to the best of my knowledge has not been satisfactorily answered yet is whether a parallel strategy was consciously conceived and enacted with respect to music. Certainly there are plenty of other examples of the appropriation and promotion of certain music for propagandistic ends (such as Shostakovich during the war years in America, when the Soviet Union was an ally, or conversely in later days the endless promotion in the West of certain Soviet figures as marginalised dissidents who were not allowed to realise their spiritual needs under communism, and the like).

By the way, with respect to Darmstadt, it's worth bearing in mind that in terms of the type of music now most closely associated with the place, that didn't really take a hold until the 1950s; in the late 1940s (i.e. following on from when it was founded, the circumstances of which have not yet been fully explained), much of the music performed was more in what some characterise as a Schoenberg-Bartók-Hindemith mainstream. It would be very hard, even with hindsight, to imagine that Wolfgang Steineke set it up with a view to its becoming a centre for total serialism and the like.
« Last Edit: 00:43:41, 29-09-2007 by Ian Pace » Logged

'These acts of keeping politics out of music, however, do not prevent musicology from being a political act . . .they assure that every apolitical act assumes a greater political immediacy' - Philip Bohlman, 'Musicology as a Political Act'
Sydney Grew
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« Reply #29 on: 01:15:35, 29-09-2007 »

The plethora of amusing but entirely muddled and misguided ideas about Art history exposed to view in this thread shows what happens when we forget the first and paramount principle "Art for Art's sake"!
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